Cold regions cover almost half of the northern hemisphere and include arctic, subarctic, and high-altitude areas. Extreme cold, humidity, wind, and altitude make survival difficult.
It is therefore essential to understand the nature of cold, choose the right equipment, and adopt vital reflexes. Here are 4 essential rules to stay alive in icy conditions.
1. Differentiate between dry cold and wet cold
Wet cold occurs when the average temperature exceeds –10 ºC: freezing at night, thawing during the day. Snow becomes wet, and the ground muddy. You must protect yourself from moisture, especially from the ground and wet clothing.
Dry cold, on the other hand, occurs when the temperature remains below –10 ºC. The snow is dry, but the cold is more intense. In this case, multiply insulating layers and avoid any prolonged exposure.
2. Protect against wind chill
The biting wind worsens the thermal sensation. A temperature of –10 ºC with wind can feel like –23 ºC. This phenomenon, called wind chill, can quickly freeze exposed skin.
Even your own movements (skiing, running, aircraft drafts) create harmful air displacement. Cover all exposed areas, even briefly.
3. Adapt your clothing to the climate
Choosing thermal clothing is crucial. In the absence of modern textiles (like Gore-Tex or polypropylene), prioritize wool for all layers, except possibly the windbreaker.
The important thing is to have multiple breathable layers: one to retain heat, one to insulate, and one to protect. Poorly chosen or wet clothing can cause deadly heat loss.
4. Always cover your head and extremities
The head is responsible for 40 to 45% of heat loss. It must therefore be constantly covered. Also add protection for the neck, wrists, and ankles, which are very exposed.
These areas are rich in superficial blood vessels, thus at risk of rapid cooling. A simple hat or thick fabric can save your vital energy.
Conclusion
Cold regions require rigor, preparation, and resilience. But with a good understanding of the climate, suitable clothing, and constant vigilance, it is entirely possible to survive in the heart of extreme winter.
