During an expedition in the great outdoors, an accident or a health issue can occur at any moment. Without immediate access to a hospital or a doctor, it is crucial to know how to react quickly to prevent an injury from worsening. Good preparation and knowledge of first aid techniques are essential to ensure survival in the event of a medical emergency.
This article guides you on the reflexes to adopt in response to the most common emergencies in isolated environments.
Respiratory problems: recognize and act
Respiratory distress is among the most critical life-threatening emergencies. An obstruction in the airways, a severe allergic reaction, or a chest injury can lead to respiratory distress requiring immediate intervention. When a person is suffering from an airway obstruction, it is important to check if they can still cough. If they cannot, the Heimlich maneuver is essential to expel the object blocking their breathing. A severe allergic reaction can cause anaphylactic shock, requiring the rapid administration of epinephrine via an available auto-injector. In the case of chest trauma, a punctured lung must be treated immediately by immobilizing the victim and applying a occlusive dressing to limit air entry. At high altitudes, oxygen becomes scarcer, which can lead to dizziness, nausea, and mental confusion. It is crucial to descend immediately and hydrate the victim to limit the risks of hypoxia and mountain sickness.
Hemorrhage: stop the breath quickly
A severe hemorrhage can lead to shock within minutes. To stop the bleeding, it is crucial to immediately apply direct pressure with a clean cloth or a dressing. If possible, it is advisable to elevate the affected area to slow the hemorrhage. When shock is uncontrollable, a tourniquet can be applied a few centimeters above the wound. However, it is essential to loosen it slightly every fifteen minutes to prevent tissue necrosis. A victim in shock should be laid down, with their legs elevated if no serious injury prevents it, and kept warm to avoid a rapid deterioration of their condition.
Shock: Detecting and Treating
Shock is an emergency that can be caused by significant fluid loss, severe infection, or serious injury. It is characterized by cold, clammy skin, a weak and rapid pulse, and mental confusion. It is crucial to lay the victim down while slightly elevating their legs to facilitate blood return to the heart. Keeping warm with a thermal blanket helps stabilize body temperature. If they are conscious, it is recommended to give them small amounts of sweetened water to prevent dehydration. If they lose consciousness, it is essential to prepare for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in case of respiratory arrest.
Burns and injuries from cold: prevention and treatment
Burns and frostbite are common injuries in the wild, but require appropriate care. A burn should be immediately cooled with lukewarm water for at least ten minutes. Blisters should never be popped, and a sterile dressing should be applied while avoiding greasy substances. Frostbite should be warmed gradually by placing the affected area against warm skin. It is crucial to avoid rubbing the frozen area, as this could worsen the injuries. Wearing appropriate thermal clothing and limiting prolonged exposure to the cold is the best prevention against these injuries.
Fractures and sprains: immobilize and limit the damage
A fracture or a sprain can impair mobility and make evacuation difficult. When a fracture is suspected, it is necessary to immobilize immediately the affected limb using branches or sticks to create an improvised splint. Any movement should be avoided, as a wrong move can worsen the injury. Applying cold to a sprain helps reduce inflammation and pain. In the case of an open fracture, it is imperative not to attempt to realign a bone, but rather to protect the wound with a clean, damp dressing before considering medical evacuation.
Stings and bites: how to react to the dangers of wildlife
Insect stings, snake bites, and wild animal attacks are among the major risks in isolated environments. An insect sting can be harmless, but in case of an allergic reaction, it is recommended to take an antihistamine and, if necessary, to use an epinephrine auto-injector. In the event of a snake bite, it is imperative to immobilize the affected limb to slow the spread of venom, without applying a tourniquet or attempting to suck out the wound. A wild animal bite should be immediately cleaned with clean water and disinfected to prevent serious infections.
Conclusion
In the face of a medical emergency in the wild, every second counts. Knowing and mastering these first aid gestures can make the difference between life and death. Before each expedition, equip yourself with a complete first aid kit and train in survival techniques. Anticipating and reacting effectively will ensure your safety and that of your group during an expedition in isolated areas.
